Israel Prepares to Enter The Devils' Playground Without Stopping to Think About Consequences

A ground invasion in Gaza could produce some of the fiercest street-to-street fighting since World War II.

 

Heavy fire from rooftops and booby-trapped apartments. Armor-piercing projectiles blow up troop carriers. Fighters blend in with civilians, launching drone ambushes, or surging from tunnels full of enough ammunition, food, and water to sustain a long war.

As the Israeli Army gathers tanks at the Gaza border for a threatened invasion aimed at crushing Hamas, experts are warning that the country’s troops could face some of the fiercest street-to-street combat since World War II in Gaza City and other densely packed areas.

Urban warfare studies and American officials offer dire comparisons to Iraq: Think of Falluja in 2004, the most intense battles that American troops had faced since Vietnam, or the nine-month fight to defeat the Islamic State in Mosul in 2016, which led to 10,000 civilian deaths. Then multiply the destructive toll, possibly exponentially.

Hamas has three to five times as many fighters — perhaps 40,000 in all — as the Islamic State had in Mosul. It can draw reserves from a young, restive population, and has international support from countries like Iran. Even on its own, Hamas’s leadership has had years to prepare for battle across Gaza, including in city streets, where the superiority of tanks and precise munitions can be stymied by guerrilla tactics.

“It’s going to be ugly,” said Lt. Col. Thomas Arnold, a U.S. Army strategist who has published studies on urban operations in the Middle East. “Cities are the devil’s playground — they make everything infinitely more difficult.”

 *

Soldiers clean the barrel of a military tank’s gun.

Israeli soldiers preparing for an invasion outside Be’eri, Israel, on Saturday.Credit...Sergey Ponomarev for The New York Times

*Benjamin Netanyahu, Israel’s prime minister, has vowed to “demolish Hamas.” But also he wants to show he is the man of force after being caught looking the other way when Hamas Attacked. Is Israel prepared to lose a son for each family? This is a small country.*adamfoxie

Without sharply defining what that means, he pledged to remove the group from Gaza after its Oct. 7 attack on Israel killed 1,400 people and led to the kidnapping of more than 200 others.

But Gaza, heavily urbanized, with Hamas deeply entrenched, is an especially complex battlefield. Concerned about the challenges ahead, the Biden administration has sent senior military officers to provide advice to the Israelis, based on their own experiences in Iraq, while pressing Israel to delay the invasion, to leave more time to negotiate the release of hostages taken by Hamas and to deliver more humanitarian aid. American officials worry that Israel lacks a plan with clear, achievable objectives that would prevent an enormous loss of life among Gaza’s more than two million Palestinian civilians.

“I’ve encouraged them to conduct their operations by the law of war,” Defense Secretary Lloyd J. Austin III said on Sunday.

Reactions to the Conflict in the U.S.

Jewish Americans: For many American Jews, there have been too many emotions to process. Young people spoke of fear, shock, solidarity, and helplessness, while some progressives said they were feeling abandoned by their left-wing allies.

Palestinian Americans: Palestinians in the United States are dismayed by the violence, but some said that politicians and news outlets were overlooking historical context.

In New York: Tensions are high in Muslim and Jewish communities around the city, with impassioned protests on both sides drawing thousands.

In Hollywood: The Writers Guild of America is being criticized over its lack of a public statement condemning the Hamas attack on Israel.

With history as a guide, three factors would most likely shape a ground war in Gaza’s cities: the urban environment, the interaction between fighters and civilians, and political pressures.

The Landscape

The Gaza Strip is about 140 square miles, a narrow band slightly larger in area than Las Vegas, with a cluster of urban population centers. Gaza City, the capital, has around 700,000 people packed into around 20 square miles, with more tall buildings than U.S.-led forces faced in the battle for Mosul, creating a more dangerous three-dimensional front.

Many urban invasions — from the Middle Ages to modernity — have started off with a rapid advance, only to later bog down in districts that favor defenders. Mosul is a prime example; another is last year’s siege of Mariupol. A few thousand Ukrainian soldiers held the city for nearly three months against an advancing Russian force five to eight times as large.

“They leveraged the city’s heavy-clad, industrial buildings, and its subterranean network very effectively,” John W. Spencer, chair of urban warfare studies with the Modern War Institute at the U.S. Military Academy, wrote in a report about the first year of the Ukraine war.

Cities can also be malleable. Israel has destroyed hundreds of Gaza buildings in airstrikes. Hamas, long before it assaulted Israel this month, had built hundreds of miles of tunnels under Gaza City that can be used to move between attack positions, hide hostages, and protect supplies.

*

Soldiers in a war-torn streetscape look at a car on fire.

Iraqi soldiers surveyed the scene of an Islamic State suicide car bombing in Mosul in 2017.Credit...Ivor Prickett for The New York Times

Additional surprises — rocket factories under schools; and weapons stored in mosques — are likely to be found if Israel invades.

In Mosul, where the Islamic State had less time to dig in, fighters punched holes through walls so they could fire at tanks through buildings. They used cheap drones with cameras to guide car-bomb drivers and stretched tarps over streets to hide supply runs.

 

An 85-year-old Israeli held hostage in Gaza for 17 days says she ‘went through hell.’

There and elsewhere, explosives have been wired to rubble and apartment doors. Refrigerators, burning trash, and engine blocks have been used to impede military vehicles.

“Cities can mitigate your technological advantages,” said Colonel Arnold, who is completing a Ph.D. at the University of Virginia. “While Israel is biding its time — setting the conditions, dropping buildings, getting its troops ready — the other side is almost certainly getting ready as well.”

The People

Civilian or combatant? Urban warfare tends to blur the line more often, in deadly ways.

Israel has already been accused of killing thousands of civilians in air attacks, including 1,200 children, according to the Hamas-run Ministry of Health in Gaza. Those figures could not be independently verified, but the risk to civilians clearly remains high.

Even as Israel encourages people in Gaza City to move south to safer areas, many are obeying instructions by Hamas or religious leaders to stay, or saying they cannot afford to go.

It’s a familiar problem. In 2004, the Bush administration gave U.S. Marines only 72 hours to plan an invasion of Falluja after four American contractors were killed, their mutilated bodies lashed to a bridge. Commanders warned that a revenge-driven operation would endanger civilians and fail, and they pulled back after heavy losses, giving Iraqis six months to flee before a second push.

An estimated 30,000 to 90,000 stayed.

“A lot of the innocent civilians were not allowed to leave,” said Freddie Blish, a retired U.S. Marine lieutenant colonel who was deployed to Falluja as a combat engineer. “And that’s what’s going to happen with Hamas — they’re going to use them as human shields.”

Israel has emphasized that it does not target civilians. But in urban battles, commanders often take fire from structures housing both fighters and families, forcing a judgment call: clear the rooms with troops, putting them at risk, or call in a heavier response that might kill civilians.

 *

Palestinian women in dresses and headscarves weep together in a half-circle.

Palestinian women whose relatives were killed during Israeli airstrikes in the Gaza city of Khan Younis on Sunday.Credit...Yousef Masoud for The New York Times

The tolerance for troop losses tends to decrease as urban warfare drags on. In Mosul, after casualty rates for Iraqi troops reached 50 percent, airstrikes increased. The Iraqis often demanded that their American partners take down more than just one building.

“They wouldn’t move forward until we leveled the block,” said Amos Fox, a U.S. military planner in Iraq during the Mosul operation.

It took 252 days and 100,000 Iraqi troops, with American air support, to rid Mosul of ISIS. Along with 10,000 civilians, 8,200 Iraqi soldiers died, and at least 13,000 buildings were made uninhabitable, according to the United Nations.

Israeli troops, while better trained than the Iraqi Army, with years to prepare invasion plans and special engineering units for challenges like tunnels, will face a tougher adversary.

There were 3,000 to 5,000 ISIS fighters in Mosul at the start of the operation, according to initial U.S. military estimates, and a few thousand more came later. Hamas’s military wing, the Al Qassam Brigades, is estimated to number 30,000 to 40,000, not including thousands of militants with other groups like Palestinian Islamic Jihad.

Most ISIS fighters were also from other countries. Hamas fighters grew up in Gaza. Their units are bonded together by location, family, faith, and shared frustration with Israel.

“They know the streets, they know the tunnels,” said Mr. Blish, the retired lieutenant colonel. “It’s going to be a tough slog.”

Geopolitics

Recent wars have rarely gone as quickly as either side expected: Mosul was supposed to be cleared in three months, not nine; Russia expected a rush to victory in Kyiv. And as the death toll mounts and economies crater, international support often weakens.

Ukraine’s leaders know this better than most, but Israel also has experience with the political and military challenge that comes with extended conflict. Israel’s last ground invasion in Gaza, in 2014, lasted less than three weeks. As Mr. Spencer at West Point’s Modern War Institute recently pointed out, Israel “has fought almost every war of its history in a race against time, seeking to achieve its goals before international pressure forces it to stop operations.”

In the current case, Israeli officials have warned that they are expecting several months of fighting if not years. That would mean a spike in demand for weapons and added global volatility. American officials are worried about the potential for the war to spread to Lebanon and Iran, along with possible attacks on American troops in Iraq. Those concerns could affect how Washington advises Israel as the conflict evolves.

 *

Troops ride on a military tank that has an Israeli flag perched on it. Another tank follows it up a dusty road.

Israeli tanks near Sderot during Israel’s last ground invasion in Gaza, in 2014.Credit...Sergey Ponomarev for The New York Times

In past wars, the Israeli public supported military operations as long as they showed progress, with evidence of destroyed weapons stockpiles and other tangible results. Casualties — 66 Israeli soldiers died in the 2014 war — mattered less than “perceptions of the campaign’s success,” according to a RAND Corporation report from 2017.

Now, however, polls show that Israelis have less faith in their government under Mr. Netanyahu’s divisive leadership, and after his failure to prevent the recent attack. The definition of success is also broader this time and may be harder to achieve in part because Hamas has grown stronger with Iran’s help, vastly increasing its rocket stockpiles and deploying new technology like drones.

Hamas and Israel have already engaged in a contest for sympathy that has spurred angry protests around the world and again made the Middle East a source of international anxiety. How both sides fight with arsenals of weapons in crowded cities will create an even more transformative test of competing narratives and willpower as long as the war lasts.

Alissa J. Rubin contributed reporting.

Adamfoxie is taken off the pictures instead posted *