April 7, 2011

'I can't b"you are doing this to me!': Glee's Matthew Morrison In A very Gay Band


 Cringes over unearthed clip of him in gay boy band 

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GlGlee star Matthew Morrison was left blushing after Jay Leno unearthed a clip of the star from before his was famous. 
The actor, who plays teacher Will Schuester on the hit show,  had a bit part in Marci X - a 2003 flop starring Lisa Kudrow and Damon Wayans.
Morrison cringed as the American talk show host play a portion of the film as he appeared on The Tonight Show to promote his new album.
Having a laugh: Glee's Matthew Morrison appeared on Jay Leno's show last night
Having a laugh: Glee's Matthew Morrison appeared on Jay Leno's show last night
'I can't believe you are doing this to me right now,' said Morrison.
'It was the gayest thing I have ever done in my life, literally, I was in a gay boy band called Boys R Us.'
The clip showed Morrison and members of the gay boy band holding hands and their crotches.
After the clip Morrison got up from his seat, joking: 'I'll leave, I'll leave!' 
Before he was famous: The actor (left) had a bit part in the 2003 film Marci X
Before he was famous: The actor (left) had a bit part in the 2003 film Marci X
In harmony: The star (second from left) was in a gay group called Boys R Us in the film
In harmony: The star (second from left) was in a gay group called Boys R Us in the film
Meanwhile, Lady Gaga is getting the royal treatment on a new episode of of Glee.
The hit Fox series will expand by a half-hour for the April 26 episode paying tribute to the pop star.
In the 90-minute episode, members of the New Directions high school glee club perform her hit Born This Way - and learn a lesson about self-acceptance.
Lady Gaga is an outspoken supporter of gay rights.
Glee, which has been on hiatus, returns in the U.S. on April 19. 
Cringe! Matthew blushed as he watched the clip
Cringe! Matthew blushed as he watched the clip


 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1374616/Glees-Matthew-Morrison-cringes-gay-boy-band-clip-Jay-Leno.html#ixzz1IsdWt144

Outsports.com A Rare Forum for Gay Athletes


 In the past couple of weeks, a Web site calledOutsports.com has written about a Brigham Young athlete who abided by the university’s honor code despite his homosexuality, published an essay from a gay basketball player at a Catholic girls school in California, and featured the Miami (Ohio) hockey team a year after the death of the openly gay student manager Brendan Burke, a son of Toronto Maple Leafs General Manager Brian Burke.

Outsports previously tracked the travails of two college coaches who said they were fired because of their sexual orientation, broke the story of George Washington University’s transgender basketball player, and interviewed at length the gay rugby star Gareth Thomas.
And on Super Bowl Sunday, Outsports offered both analysis — including a pregame “Super Bowl for the clueless” segment — and opinion, including a wrap-up segment on “hot players of the game.”
“The core of what we do is cover the nexus of gays and sports,” said Cyd Zeigler, one of the Web site’s two founders. “And there is no competition.”
The fact that Outsports could still seem so distinctive a couple of decades into the age of the Internet— with its endless assortment of blogs, Web sites, chat groups and more —says something about the enduring taboo of being a gay athlete.
But if rare, Outsports remains plenty busy. It is not about outing athletes, the site’s founders say, but supporting them, and it attracts hundreds of thousands of eyeballs every month. Over the years it has published an array of breaking news stories and first-person essays, sometimes written anonymously, often not.
In February 2010, for instance, Andrew McIntosh, a lacrosse player at Oneonta College in New York, wrote about his anguish over the decision to tell his friends that he is gay. Outsports provided the forum.
“There’s nothing as revolutionary as Outsports,” McIntosh said in a telephone interview from Fresno, Calif., where he is teaching and coaching lacrosse. “It offers a venue for athletes who have come out, or who are closeted, to get to know others, to not feel alone.”
Zeigler and Jim Buzinski, the site’s other founder, are the site’s only two employees. Theirs remains the only substantial Web site devoted to the widening intersection of sports and gay issues, offering a blend of blog posts, breaking news, photo galleries and commentary.
It has been satisfying and exhilarating, if not particularly profitable, they said, in a daylong interview in Los Angeles, where both men live. It has been baffling, too.
More than 3,500 men are on active, game-day rosters in the N.F.L, Major League Baseball, N.B.A. and N.H.L. Even if only 1 percent of them are gay — and studies suggest the figure is several times higher — at least several dozen would be on those rosters at any one time.
“If you had asked me, 10 years ago, if there would be an out major, active male athlete, I’d have given it a 99 percent chance,” Zeigler said. “That we’re now talking whether it will happen in the next 10 years surprises me.”
Still, Outsports has had life-changing ramifications. A year ago, Hudson Taylor was a nationally ranked wrestler at the University of Maryland and an outspoken supporter of gay rights. He is heterosexual, and he preached tolerance to teammates and wore aHuman Rights Campaign sticker on his headgear, which attracted local attention.
Buzinski, a former sports editor of The Long Beach Press-Telegram, wrote about Taylor for Outsports. The story was recently nominated for a Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation award for outstanding digital journalism article.
But it had a more lasting effect on Taylor. He received 500 e-mail responses, he said, some which brought him to tears with accounts of homophobic run-ins and tortured decisions about revealing homosexuality. It was a “tipping point,” Taylor said. He now devotes himself to gay rights advocacy, recently establishing a Web site, athleteally.com, where visitors are encouraged to sign a pledge to help end sexual and gender discrimination in sports. (Since Jan. 1, more than 2,300 have signed.)
“That single Outsports article altered the course of my life,” said Taylor, now a volunteer assistant for the Columbia wrestling team and pondering law school.
That is the kind of story Buzinski, 52, and Zeigler, 37, love to hear.
“We’re a small niche,” Buzinski said. “But we’re a niche with a megaphone.”
Buzinski and Zeigler, who have never been a couple, met at a gay pride event in West Hollywood in 1996. Buzinski was manning a flag-football booth; Zeigler had friends on Buzinski’s team. They began watching N.F.L. games together on Sundays and playing football together on Saturdays. (Their flag football teams have won several Gay Bowls and championships at the Gay Games.)
They were in a coffee shop on Cape Cod in 1999 when, with Buzinski reading The Wall Street Journal and Zeigler reading Sports Illustrated, they started talking about sports and the Web.
“We’re two gay people who love sports, and we thought, ‘There is nothing on the Internet for us,’ ” Buzinski said.
Outsports was born in late 1999, mostly as an N.F.L. blog. Within the first few months,Atlanta Braves pitcher John Rocker’s diatribe against people who ride New York’s No. 7 train — he described his discomfort with the idea of sitting next to someone “with AIDS” — was published in Sports Illustrated. (Outsports has since measured homophobia on a “Rocker scale.”)
Less than a year later, Corey Johnson, a high school football player in Massachusetts, received national attention (including a front-page article in The New York Times) after coming out to his teammates; they presented him a game ball and sang “Y.M.C.A.” on the bus ride after the next game.
Zeigler recalled calling Buzinski in those early months and saying, “I think we have more here than we realize.”
To which Buzinski replied, “I was thinking the same thing.”
Outsports usually attracts a few hundred thousand unique visitors a month. It pales compared with general-interest sports blogs like Deadspin.
Nothing like Outsports existed during Dave Kopay’s nine-year career as an N.F.L. running back. His best-selling 1977 autobiography, “The David Kopay Story,” was a pioneering coming-out tale.
“Thousands and thousands of young athletes probably turn to it,” Kopay said of Outsports. “They probably live vicariously through it. They know they’re not alone. They know they’re not isolated.”
Kopay noted that while the Internet hummed with sites devoted to general gay issues, sports were given little attention.
Buzinski and Zeigler, along with Kopay, are surprised that a major male team athlete has not come out during the past decade.
“It still puts some cold water on the idea that things are hunky-dory, because they’re not,” Buzinski said.
He described progress for gays in sports over the past decade as “two steps forward, one and a half steps back.”
“It’s like a zigzag,” he added, “but it’s going forward.”
Zeigler disagreed. The situation is better “by a mile,” he said. Homophobic comments and behavior are far less tolerated than they used to be, he said, and younger generations treat most coming-out news with relatively open minds. Female athletes announcing their homosexuality, like the W.N.B.A.’s Sheryl Swoopes in 2005, rarely attract great attention.
That would seem to pave a smoother path for gay male athletes in professional team sports. Buzinski and Zeigler think a gay player would be widely accepted, even marketable.
Whenever it happens, it is increasingly unlikely to be an official announcement. While fewer than nine years have passed since Mike Piazza, then a catcher for the Mets, felt the need to declare his heterosexuality amid rumors that he was gay, it seems outdated to similarly announce homosexuality.
Buzinski and Zeigler said the more likely situation would be for an openly gay high school or college athlete to climb the ladder to the professional ranks.
Outsports could very well be the first to report the news.

"From Here To Eternity"-True Gayish Version

Burt Lancaster and Deborah Kerr in 'From Here to Eternity'

A new version of the novel ‘From Here to Eternity’ will contain the gay references originally included by author James Jones.
The book inspired one of film’s most famous heterosexual kisses, between Burt Lancaster and Deborah Kerr.
However, neither the 1951 novel nor the 19523 film contained Jones’ references to homosexuality because they were considered too scandalous at the time.
Jones’ editor at Scribner insisted that some scenes be removed, such as the one in which private Angelo Maggio (played by Frank Sinatra in the film) admits having oral sex with a man for money.
In another scene, a military investigation into homosexuality is suggested. The original version of the novel also contained swearing.
Jones’ daughter, the novelist Kaylie Jones, said her father had fought “bitterly” to keep the swearing but eventually conceded to his editor.
The original version of the book will be released as an e-book by http://www.openroadmedia.com/ Open Media.
Sarah Churchwell, senior lecturer in American literature and culture at the University of East Anglia, told the Guardian: “It’s an important historical correction, to allow James Jones his rightful place as one of the earliest mainstream US novelists to try to treat homosexuality sympathetically, without judging or pathologising it.
“People don’t think of Jones as an avant-garde writer, but in his way he was. We know about Hemingway and Allen Ginsberg, but we don’t put James Jones into that story and he deserves to be there.”

Researchers Dig up 5,000 yr old Gay Caveman


Researchers from the Czech Archaeological Society made an interesting discovery outside of Prague: The 5,000-year-old remains of a caveman were buried in an unusual manner. First, the male body was lying on its left side and its head was facing east. Second, the body was buried with domestic jugs and and an egg-shaped pot.
Why is this odd? Time reports the way the body was buried might mean the man was gay, because the burial is consistent with the way women were buried. The bodies of men faced west and they were buried with hammers, flint knives and weapons.
Time adds:
"From history and ethnology, we know that people from this period took funeral rites very seriously so it is highly unlikely that this positioning was a mistake," [Kamila Remisova Vesinova, a researcher for the Czech Archaeological Society,] said at a press conference. "Far more likely is that he was a man with a different sexual orientation, homosexual or transsexual."
Vesinova told Ireland's Press TV that the man would have lived during the Stone Age's Corded Ware culture, which existed between 2,500 and 2,800 BC.
Katerina Semradova, another member of team, told The Daily Mail that colleagues had once found the body of a woman warrior buried as a man:
She added that Siberian shamans, or witch doctors, were also buried in this way but with richer funeral accessories appropriate to their elevated position in society.
"This later discovery was neither of those," she said. "We believe this is one of the earliest cases of what could be described as a transvestite or third-gender grave in the Czech Republic."
Artwork of a Neanderthal armed with a weapon.
AP
Artwork of a Neanderthal armed with a weapon.
Now, let's sound a note of skepticism here: Dr. Lemont Dobson, a historian and archaeologist at Drury University, told us determining the sex of a skeleton by looking at the pelvis is 90 percent accurate but not perfect.
"There is always the possibility that the individual had some form of shamanistic role in their society," he says. "If so, the female position would be appropriate. I know the excavator suggests that this was not the case, but I am not convinced by the argument. I haven't seen enough compelling reason to discount such a role in this case."

New ESTIMATE of Gays in the USA


by Lisa Keen
contributing writer
 

Remember this number: 9 million.

And this percentage: 3.5.

The former is the current best estimate of the number of adults in the United States who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender; the latter is the percentage that number represents within the total number of adults in the United States.

But read carefully: These are estimates for adults who identify themselves as LGBT.

The number of adults who report having had sex with a same-sex partner is estimated at "nearly 19 million," or 8.2 percent of the adult population. And the number of adults who acknowledge being attracted to a person of the same sex is estimated to be 25.6 million (11 percent of the adult population).

The estimates are part of a report released Thursday, April 7, by the Williams Institute, a well-respected law and public policy think tank within the UCLA School of Law. The Institute focuses on issues related to sexual orientation.

The report is entitled "How many people are lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender?" and estimates more than 8 million adults in the United States identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual, and about 700,000 identify as transgender.

The report based the percentages on the U.S. adult population (18 and older) as estimated through the 2009 American Community Survey, an annual a survey conducted by the Census Bureau. That total was 232 million adults.

The report also noted that a slight majority of those adults who self-identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual are bisexual, and women are "substantially more likely than men to identify as bisexual."

"[N]o single survey offers a definitive estimate for the size of the LGBT community in the United States," says the report, authored by Gary Gates, a prominent scholar on LGBT-related demographics.

Interestingly, the report’s findings concerning same-sex attraction and behavior are not too far off from the famed Kinsey Institute studies of the 1940s-1960s, and its estimates for self-identifying LGBs is close to that of recent exit polling data collected during national elections.

The sexual behavior studies of Alfred Kinsey found, among other things, that, "Ten percent of males are more or less exclusively homosexual for at least three years between the ages of 16 and 55." The recent surveys analyzed by the Williams Institute found 8 percent of adults reported having had sex with a same-sex partner at some point in their lives and 11 percent had been attracted to a person of the same sex.

Many historians have suggested that the Kinsey studies were the origin of the one-time consensus that gay people comprise about 10 percent of the population. Demographic experts today are much more cautious when trying to estimate the size of the LGBT community, observing that more people are willing to acknowledge a same-sex attraction or behavior than are prepared to self-identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.

And Gates is quick to urge caution in making comparisons between the Kinsey data and the surveys used by the Williams Institute. For one thing, he noted, Kinsey was not using large, population-based data, but rather interviews with several thousand participants in a study of human sexual behavior. And even the Kinsey reports did not conclude that 10 percent of U.S. adults are gay.

The Williams Institute analysis conclusion that about 3.5 percent of the adult population in the United States identifies as LGBT also closely approximates data collected by a major media coalition during recent national elections. The National Election Pool has found that about 3 percent to 4 percent of people answering exit poll surveys when leaving the voting place have identified themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.

The fact that both the surveys analyzed by the Williams Institute and the numbers found by the exit polling are so similar "gives us some real confidence that this [3.5 percent] is a number we can rely on," said political demographer Patrick Egan.

"We now have a number that measures identity that just didn’t exist when I first started doing this work 10 years ago," said Egan. "The data back then was much more scant, and we had to rely on proxies for different measures."

The Williams Institute analyzed information from several population-based surveys. The estimate for sexual orientation identity was derived by averaging results from five U.S. surveys, including the mammoth General Social Survey of 2008 and the National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior of 2009.

The estimate for adults identifying as transgender came from an average between numbers found on surveys in Massachusetts and California.

Estimates concerning same-sex attraction came from the National Survey of Family Growth between 2006 and 2008, sponsored by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. And estimates concerning same-sex behavior came from both the General Social Survey and the Family Growth survey.

Gates said his analysis also examined relevant surveys from four other countries -- Canada, Norway, Australia, and the United Kingdom -- "mostly to show that LGBT data inclusion is not simply a U.S. issue."

"Some of the international surveys," he said, "are conducted in ways similar to how the U.S. conducts many of its large surveys. For example, the UK survey is roughly akin to the American Community Survey. It is important for folks to see that surveys like this can successfully include these questions."

The Williams Institute report suggests that the estimates provided by its study are not intended to be the final word on the size of the LGBT community but rather a demonstration of "the viability of sexual orientation and gender identity questions on large-scale national population-based surveys."

"States and municipal governments are often testing grounds for the implementation of new LGBT-related public policies or can be directly affected by national-level policies," concludes the study. "Adding sexual orientation and gender identity questions to national data sources that can provide local-level estimates and to state and municipal surveys is critical to assessing the potential efficacy and impact of such policies."

Having reliable estimates of the population can help direct government resources and programs to help meet the needs of that population, a point underscored just last week by Kathleen Sebelius, Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Sebelius issued a lengthy press statement April 1 saying her department would work to increase the "number of federally funded health and demographic surveys that collect and report sexual orientation and gender identity data."

And an Institute of Medicine report, commissioned by the National Institutes of Health and released March 31, recommended that NIH conduct more research to "advance knowledge and understanding of LGBT health" and that HHS surveys collect data "on sexual orientation and gender identity."

Estimates also have a political value, persuading elected officials that a constituency is large enough to make a difference in elections. The nine million LGBT estimate from the Williams Institute report is equal to the number of people 65 and older who are military veterans; and it’s greater than the number of teachers (7 million) and the estimated number of stay-at-home moms in the U.S. (5 million). The 3.5 percent LGBT population is twice that of the percent of adults who identify as Mormon (1.7 percent)

The U.S. Census Bureau estimated there were 565,000 same-sex partner households in 2008. They represented 9 percent of the 6.2 million unmarried partner households overall in 2008.

Gates noted that data concerning same-sex couples collected during the 2010 U.S. Census will be released in June and will be rolled out on a state-by-state basis over the course of the summer. 



http://www.baywindows.com

© 2011 by Keen News Service. All rights reserved.

Remember Tim Allen & "The Macaca Moment"? he is baaacckkk


George Allen's casual racism also making comeback
Wikipedia
George Allen
The George Allen comeback is already off to a great start. The former Virginia governor and U.S. senator was once considered a credible presidential candidate, until he committed a "gaffe" by revealing himself to be an unreconstructed racist. Now he is back on the campaign trail, trying to win his old Senate seat. Today, he asked a tall black man, "What position did you play?" For the second time.
NBC4 reporter Craig Melvin was the subject of Allen's friendly and racially insensitive questioning. Melvin did not play any sports, despite his height and ethnicity, so he probably did not have a "position."
Allen "apologized" by saying he "[asks] people a lot if they played sports." And I'm sure he does! His entire persona is basically defined by football and racism, so I have no doubt that he constantly asks tall black men, "What position did you play."
Allen, a wealthy Californian of French/Jewish descent who pretends to be a redneck good ol' boy, lost his 2006 reelection bid after he called a dark-skinned young man "macaca," which turned out to be a semi-obscure French racial slur. Then, in a story first reported by Salon, various people who knew Allen revealed his lengthy history of saying horrible racist things, all the time.

April 6, 2011

Is China Going Gay??


It has long been recognized that China has one of the greatest gender disparities of any country on the globe. It is expected that the sex ratio has peaked out at 119 boys to 100 girls and will probably stay that way into the 2030s, according to the website Family Planning in China. In some rural areas, according to the site, there are only 67 girls per 100 boys.

"Kindergarten classes in places where the problem is particularly bad have twenty-some boys and maybe three or four girls. Some primary schools have enough boys to fill five classes but only enough girls for two," according to the website.

Amniocentesis and ultrasound have wrought a revolution in a country where the Confucian imperative to pass on a male heir has run into the one-child policy. Some 97 percent of the babies aborted are females. According a UNICEF study, 29 million females are "missing" in China. Reportedly, so many baby girls were missing that Chinese authorities delayed the release of 2005 census data because it showed the situation getting worse rather than better.

That has led to what has been called a "bachelor bomb" in which the shortage of women has led to forced marriages, bigamy, prostitution, rape, adultery and other problems. Between 2001 and 2003, China's police, according to the United Nations Children's Fund, freed more than 42,000 women and children as desperate bachelors, called "bare branches" because they have no way to procreate, have sought forcibly to steal their mates. According to the United Nations Children's Fund, about 250,000 women and children were victims of trafficking in China last year.

Might the answer lie in same-sex marriage for Chinese men? It appears to have done in the past.

According to a foreword written by Derek Sandhaus to The Empress Dowager and I," a scandalous autobiography of Sir Edmund Backhouse, who appears to have had numerous sexual relationships in the waning days of the Qing dynasty in then Peking both males and supposedly with the Empress Dowager herself. The autobiography is being published this week in Hong Kong. Here is Sandhaus's analysis:

"Homosexuality, specifically male homosexuality, has an intimate relationship with Chinese classical culture. References to homosexual love date back to ancient times and are featured prominently in several popular works of classic literature including Ch'in Ping Mei (The Plum in the Golden Vase) and Hung Lou Meng (Dream of the Red Chamber), arguably the most influential Chinese novel ever written.

"One reason that male same-sex relationships were allowed to flourish in Chinese society was that, unlike in the West, there existed no religious stigma against homosexuality. So long as homosexuality was expressed within the prescribed Confucian cultural limits, there was little cause for moral indignation. Moreover, for much of the Ch'ing Dynasty it seems unlikely that social delineations were made between same-sex and heterosexual love, or that their practitioners viewed themselves as representative of distinct categories. Early sexologist and gay rights advocate Magnus Hirschfeld picked up on this while visiting China in the early twentieth century, noting:

"Homosexual men are almost all of them married. But they never take concubines and later on frequently separate from the women assigned to them by their parents. Among them there were relatively few of a pronounced feminine type—most of them showed only slight feminine characteristics or seemed to be entirely virile.

Indeed, Backhouse's Cassia Flower explains that he, too, would like to have a family one day despite having no sexual interest in women. In a later passage of Décadence Mandchoue, (the original title of Backhouse's autobiography) the Empress Dowager gives her sanction to homosexual relations, but reminds her subjects, 'don't forget your conjugal duties.'

"Laws were occasionally passed that placed restrictions on homosexual expressions of affection, but these laws were generally aimed at curbing homosexual rape and limiting the excesses of imperial officials inclined to spend too much time in pleasure houses. They almost never cast the practice of homosexuality as immoral, or even abnormal, behavior. The increase in the number of decrees against officials cavorting with male prostitutes and song-boys in the final centuries of imperial rule indicated not an increase in homophobia, but the elevated importance of homosexuality in Peking's nightlife. In any case, laws targeting homosexual acts were rarely enforced.

"The preference for gay relationships and the celebration of male beauty reached its apex in the late Ming and Ch'ing dynasties, and specifically within the city of Peking. Part of the reason for this was logistical, for Peking in the days of emperors was a city dominated by men. Scholars, all of them male, who passed the national imperial exams flocked to the city from around the country, hoping for work and advancement, but often languished unemployed. If they received a government appointment, they would send for their wives, but this could sometimes be many years in the making, if ever. So large groups of young, literate men gathered and waited in Peking, bored and sexually frustrated. As a missionary study from 1921 notes:

"The population of Peking is 811,556. Of these, 515,535 (63.5 percent) are males and 296,021 (36.5 percent) are females. In some police districts, 77 percent of the population are males. These figures are almost enough to tell the story of the social life and problems of Peking, especially since a very large proportion (61.7 percent) of the men are less than 35 years old.

On the subject of homosexuality, it adds:

"Legalized houses of sodomy used principally by the decadent Manchu nobility were conducted in Peking prior to the Revolution in 1911, but since then have been abolished.

The more significant factor in this sexual awakening, however, was cultural. Attitudes towards sexuality, influenced by the neo-Confucian philosophies of Wang Yang-ming and his followers, began liberalizing among the scholarly class in the late Ming Dynasty. The heralding of same-sex relationships in literature continued to gain prevalence in the Ch'ing Dynasty. By the 1670s, writer Mei Keng was declaring openly of the famous song-boy Purple Clouds:

'The leading beauty in the land, no question,
A woman is no longer number one.'"

Asia Sentinel...

http://www.actup.org

Gay Marriage Revolution Started Centuries Ago



 James 

Peron

It is widely claimed by the Religious Right that marriage is a "religious institution," not a civil matter. The facts, unfortunately, are not so simple. State control of marriage is much older than people think and Christianity never spoke with one voice regarding marriage.
The fourth century Christian emperor Theodosius, as part of what historian John Boswell called a campaign of "greater and greater totalitarian control over personal aspects of Romans' lives," decreed that only Christianity would be allowed to exist. He also banned gay marriage. Boswell wrote: "The increasingly theocratic despotism of the later Empire often led to intervention in matters such as personal religious convictions or private sexual expression which would have been considered entirely individual under the earlier emperors."
The Church got involved only after this intervention on its behalf. Christian law professor Daniel Crane wrote that, "as the power of the church grew, it gradually sought to establish control over marriage directly." But it was only in 1546 that the Roman Catholic Church declared that a marriage was only valid if performed by a priest, with two witnesses. Even this was more a slap at the Reformationists and a means of "wedding" believers to the Roman Church. The idea that marriage was a "sacrament" had more to do with the politics of the day than it did with theology.
The Protestants denied marriage as a sacrament entirely. Crane wrote that Reformationists saw the state, not the church, as the prime custodian "of matrimony as a civil institution." The authoritarian John Calvin passed the "Marriage Ordinance of Geneva" requiring a state permit to marry.
The other leading Protestant of the day, Martin Luther, wrote: "[S]ince marriage has existed from the beginning of the world and is still found among unbelievers, there is no reason why it should be called a sacrament of the New Law and of the church alone." Within a few decades, most of Christian Europe had laws regulating marriage as a state institution. Contrary to the claims of the religious right, the State did not take marriage away from the Church.
This cozy relationship between church and state remained undisturbed until the rise of classical liberalism, with its libertarian sentiments about individual rights. Evangelical author John Witte argues this began with John Locke's Two Treatises on Government (1698) where Locke "suggested that a natural and contractual perspective could be defended without necessary reference to spiritual or social perspectives on marriage. He had hypothesized that a law of marriage based on contract could be valid even if God were not viewed as the founder of the marriage contract, nor His Church engaged as an agent in its governance."
Classical liberalism became a major influence in Western culture, leading to the abolition of slavery, the rise in the status of women, demonopolizing of agriculture from landed elites, free trade and to the emergence of capitalism itself. It also brought new ideas about marriage into the legal system. Prof. Witte argues that the liberal reforms embedded two conflicting views of marriage into law, "one rooted in Christianity, a second in the Enlightenment. Each of these traditions has contributed a variety of familiar legal ideas and institutions--some overlapping, some conflicting."
Catholics saw marriage as a church sacrament. Protestants said it was a relationship between a couple and the wider community, and thus more a political concern than a religious one. Witte wrote, "Enlightenment exponents emphasize[d] the contractual (or private) perspective."
Marriage laws, he said, changed drastically as a result:
Exponents of the Enlightenment advocated the abolition of much that was considered sound and sacred in the Western legal tradition of marriage. They urged the abolition of the requirements of parental consent, church consecration, and formal witnesses for marriage. They questioned the exalted status of heterosexual monogamy, suggesting that such matters be left to private negotiation. They called for the absolute equality of husband and wife to receive, hold, and alienate property, to enter into contracts and commerce, to participate on equal terms in the workplace and public square. They castigated the state for leaving annulment practice to the church, and urged that the laws of annulment and divorce be both merged and expanded under exclusive state jurisdiction.
The rise of classical liberalism, with its companion, capitalism, meant that income was no longer a function of the family as whole. Sociologist Barry Adams, in Christopher Street, observed: "Capitalism laid the groundwork for voluntary relationships based on personal preference, the precondition for 'romantic love.' Capitalism did not cause romantic love, it allowed it to flourish." Historians John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman (Intimate Matters) wrote that these changes meant that marriages could be chosen "with less attention to property and family considerations" and that "some young people even disregarded parental opinion altogether. Operating within a political climate that decried tyranny and exulted the rights of the individual some children married over parental objections while others failed to inform their parents at all."
Of course, these shifts in the economic structure, and the emergence of a culture of individual rights, had dramatic impact on gay and lesbian people. Prof. Steve Horwitz wrote: "This created both the "singles culture" of the 20th century but also enabled homosexuals to adopt the full identity of being gay or lesbian, as opposed to just engaging in homosexual acts. It's no surprise that gay/lesbian culture thrived early on in urbanized environments (industrial jobs and anonymity were the keys). Having made modern gay identity possible and having caused marriage and family to be focused on love and consumption, rather than child-making and child-raising complementarities, is it any surprise that gays and lesbians would want 'in' to the institution of marriage?"
Oddly, modern conservatives see themselves as the heirs of the classical liberal/capitalist tradition. Yet that tradition is responsible for the evolution of marriage over the last few centuries. What modern conservatives are witnessing in the gay marriage revolution is just another logical step toward implementing the values of classical liberalism, with its emphasis on private contract and individual rights. Like it or not, it is the premises that they claim they share with classical liberals that have brought us to where we are today. I for one think that a good thing, even if conservatives don't.

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